How does an electric car battery work?

Just bought an electric car or still hesitating to make the switch? The battery is probably the part that raises the most questions. Don’t worry—understanding how it works is easier than it seems! Let’s explore how this technology is revolutionizing the way we drive and how to make the most of it every day.

The electric battery: the next-generation energy tank

Think of your EV battery as a giant rechargeable energy tank. Unlike a fuel tank in a combustion car that empties for good, it can be charged and discharged thousands of times. It’s a bit like your smartphone—but much more powerful and sophisticated!The battery is made up of thousands of small cells assembled like Lego bricks. Each cell contains three key components working together: a positive electrode (cathode), a negative electrode (anode), and a conductive liquid between them (electrolyte). This simple setup is the magic behind electric mobility and the energy transition toward more sustainable models.

How does it actually work?

The operating principle is surprisingly simple. When you press the accelerator, lithium ions in the battery move from the negative electrode to the positive one. This movement creates a flow of electrons that generates the electric current powering your motor.When you plug your car into a charger, the reverse happens: the ions return to their original position, storing energy for your next trip.The brain of this system is the BMS (Battery Management System). Like a conductor, it ensures every cell works in harmony. It constantly monitors temperature, charge level, and balances power across modules. Thanks to it, you don’t have to manage anything—everything is automated to optimize performance and battery life, reducing your total cost of ownership.

Battery types: each with its own strengths

Today, lithium-ion technology dominates the EV market—and for good reason! It offers the best balance of weight, energy capacity, and durability. But did you know there are several types of lithium-ion batteries, each with its own characteristics?NMC batteries (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) power most current EVs, like the BMW iX3 or i4. They offer excellent range and fast charging—perfect for everyday use.LFP batteries (Lithium Iron Phosphate), increasingly popular, stand out for their exceptional lifespan and enhanced safety. They handle repeated fast charging well and their lower production cost makes them ideal for democratizing EVs.Manufacturers offer capacities ranging from 20 kWh for small city cars to over 100 kWh for premium models like the BMW iX xDrive50. The higher the capacity, the more kilometers you can drive between charges. Energy density keeps improving, making EVs more efficient and reducing environmental impact per kilometer.

Daily range: understand it to manage it better

Factors that affect your real-world range

Your EV’s actual range depends on many factors—just like fuel consumption in a combustion car varies with driving style.Outside temperature plays a big role: in cold weather, the battery can temporarily lose 20–30% of its range. But don’t worry—this effect is temporary and your battery regains its capacity as temperatures rise.Your driving style also affects range. Smooth, anticipatory driving can boost range by 15–20%. Speed matters too: driving at 130 km/h naturally uses more energy than at 90 km/h.With a little experience, you’ll quickly learn to optimize your trips and enjoy a more relaxed, economical drive—while benefiting from the instant torque of the electric motor and its reduced environmental impact.

Lifespan: your battery will last for years

A common question about EV batteries: how long will it last? The numbers are reassuring! A modern battery typically retains 80% of its capacity after 8 to 10 years of use or 200,000 km. That’s more than enough for the average vehicle lifespan.Manufacturers know this and offer warranties up to 8 years or 160,000 km, helping reduce long-term ownership costs.To maximize battery life, a few simple habits help:

• Keep your charge between 20% and 80% for daily use

• Save full 100% charges for long trips

• Avoid leaving your car deeply discharged for weeks

These small steps will preserve your battery’s health for many years and optimize its cost of use.

Charging with Electra: simple, fast, and convenient

This is where Electra comes in to transform your EV experience. Our ultra-fast chargers, delivering up to 400 kW, let you recover up to 80% range in just 20/30 minutes on compatible vehicles.Just enough time for a coffee or lunch break and you’re ready to go for hundreds of kilometers!Electra’s charging network is strategically located along major roads and city outskirts—right where you need it. No more detours: our stations naturally fit into your regular routes.With built-in cables and a simplified payment system, charging becomes as easy as filling up with gas—but more pleasant, since you can relax while charging, minimizing impact on your schedule.

Recycling: a second life full of promise

Stationary storage: the first step in recycling

What happens to your battery after years of loyal service? Good news even “used,” it retains 70–80% of its original capacity!It can then start a second life in stationary energy storage, storing renewable electricity for another decade. This extended use maximizes its positive impact on the energy transition and reduces its overall environmental cost.

Material recovery: a virtuous cycle

Next comes battery recycling. Current technologies recover up to 95% of valuable materials: lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper...These metals are reused to make new EV batteries, creating a virtuous cycle.Automakers are legally responsible for this recycling process, ensuring exemplary environmental management and reducing the cost and ecological impact of future batteries.

Tips to get the most out of your EV

Daily habits to save money

Adopt a few simple habits to optimize battery use and reduce your cost per kilometer:

• Schedule charging during off-peak hours to save on electricity

• In winter, preheat your EV while it’s still plugged in to preserve range

• Use eco mode in the city and save sport mode for open roads

Plan long trips with peace of mind

For long trips, the Electra app is your best ally. Plan charging stops around your natural breaks. Charging to 80% is usually enough and much faster than waiting for the last few percent. Take the opportunity to stretch your legs, grab a coffee, or eat charging fits naturally into your journey without significantly affecting travel time.

Regular maintenance: key to longevity

Battery maintenance also involves regular checks.Monitor capacity via the onboard computer and follow the manufacturer’s maintenance schedule. A clean cooling system ensures optimal performance, especially during fast charging, preserving your investment.

The future looks electrifying for batteries

Modern EVs offer far more benefits than drawbacks. Quieter than combustion vehicles, more responsive thanks to instant torque, they deliver a unique driving experience with reduced environmental impact.

Find and book your Electra charging stations easily with our iPhone app or Android app, designed for fast and stress-free EV charging.

Written by Nicolas – Electric mobility expert at Electra